Black, Indigenous Peoples, and People of Color (BIPOC) and low-income communities are disproportionately exposed to pollution, environmental hazards, and negative climate impacts

Across the United States, Black, Indigenous Peoples, and People of Color (BIPOC) and low-income communities are disproportionately exposed to pollution, environmental hazards, and negative climate impacts.

Resources on the disparate impact of environmental and climate hazards across the United States

• Liu, J., Clark, L. P., Bechle, et al. 2021. “Disparities in Air Pollution Exposure in the United States by Race/Ethnicity and Income, 1990–2010.” Environmental Health Perspectives, 129(12). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8584

• Jbaily, A., Zhou, X., Liu, J., Lee, T., et al. 2022. Air pollution exposure disparities across US population and income groups. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04190-y

• Mascarenhas, M., Grattet, R., and Mege, K. September 2021. Toxic Waste and Race in Twenty-First Century America. Environment and Society, 12, 108-126. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3167/ares.2021.120107

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2021. Climate Change and Social Vulnerability in the United States: A Focus on Six Impacts. EPA 430-R-21-003. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/cira/social-vulnerability-report